Sauna Terms & Terminology

When you invest in an at home sauna, you want to make sure you get the one that fits your preferences. We define and highlight the features of various saunas to help you make an informed purchase decision.

In addition to learning the accessories used in saunas, you’ll be equipped to differentiate between: Low EMF and ultra-low EMF ratings Various types of sauna heating elements Lighting types used in saunas We’ll begin by highlighting types of saunas ...

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Heating Elements

Electric Heater

An electric sauna heater is a modern, efficient heating solution for saunas. It uses electrical resistance to generate heat, warming sauna stones placed on top. These heaters are known for their precise temperature control, ease of use, and low maintenance. They're ideal for indoor saunas and don't require ventilation for smoke. Electric heaters come in various sizes to accommodate different sauna room dimensions and can be controlled via digital panels for accurate temperature settings.

Infrared Heater

Infrared heaters use electromagnetic radiation to directly warm objects and people in the sauna, rather than heating the air. This results in a lower ambient temperature but a deep, penetrating heat. Infrared saunas are known for their therapeutic benefits, including muscle relaxation and improved circulation. They typically operate at lower temperatures than traditional saunas (around 120-140°F), making them more comfortable for some users. Infrared heaters are energy-efficient and heat up quickly.

Wood-Burning Sauna Stove

A wood-burning sauna stove, or kiuas, is the traditional heating method for saunas. It burns wood to heat sauna stones, creating an authentic sauna experience with a distinctive aroma and ambiance. These stoves require proper ventilation and regular feeding with wood. They're often used in outdoor saunas or those with appropriate chimneys. Wood-burning stoves create a more variable heat and humidity environment, allowing for löyly (steam created by throwing water on hot stones) in traditional Finnish-style saunas.

Steam Generator

A steam generator is a device used in steam rooms or steam saunas to produce moist heat. It boils water to create steam, which is then released into the sauna space. This results in a humid environment with temperatures typically lower than dry saunas (around 100-120°F). Steam generators are often used in commercial settings like spas or gyms. They provide a different experience from traditional dry saunas, with benefits including improved skin hydration and respiratory relief.

Foot Reflexology Heater

A foot reflexology heater is a specialized sauna accessory designed to target the feet. It typically consists of heated stones or panels placed on the floor of the sauna. Users can rest their feet on these heated surfaces to experience targeted heat therapy. This feature is based on the principles of reflexology, which suggests that specific points on the feet correspond to different body parts and organs. Foot reflexology heaters are believed to enhance relaxation, improve circulation in the feet, and complement the overall sauna experience.

Wood Types

Canadian Red Cedar

Canadian Red Cedar is a premium wood choice for saunas, prized for its natural resistance to decay, insects, and moisture. It has a pleasant, aromatic scent that enhances the sauna experience. This lightweight wood is excellent for heat retention and doesn't absorb much heat, making it comfortable to sit on. Its attractive reddish-brown color and straight grain pattern add aesthetic value to sauna interiors. Canadian Red Cedar is also known for its dimensional stability, resisting warping and shrinking in high-heat environments.

Canadian Aspen

Canadian Aspen is a popular wood for sauna construction due to its light color, smooth texture, and lack of resin. It's a hardwood that's relatively soft, making it comfortable for seating and easy to work with. Aspen is known for its excellent heat resistance and low thermal conductivity, ensuring it doesn't get too hot to touch even in high temperatures. It's also virtually odorless, making it ideal for those sensitive to strong wood scents. Aspen's light color helps brighten the sauna interior.

Thermo-Aspen

Thermo-Aspen is Aspen wood that has undergone a thermal modification process. This treatment involves heating the wood to high temperatures in a low-oxygen environment, which alters its chemical and physical properties. The result is a more stable, durable wood with enhanced resistance to moisture and decay. Thermo-Aspen has a darker, rich color compared to untreated Aspen, adding a luxurious look to sauna interiors. It retains Aspen's low thermal conductivity while gaining improved dimensional stability.

Hemlock

Hemlock is a softwood commonly used in sauna construction, particularly in North America. It's known for its strength, stability, and resistance to decay. Hemlock has a light color with a straight grain, providing a clean, modern look to sauna interiors. It's relatively knot-free and splinter-resistant, making it comfortable for sauna users. Hemlock holds up well in high-heat, high-humidity environments and is less prone to warping than some other woods. It's also more affordable than cedar, making it a popular choice for budget-conscious sauna builders.

Eastern White Cedar

Eastern White Cedar is a lightweight, aromatic wood popular in sauna construction. It's naturally resistant to decay and insects, making it durable in the humid sauna environment. The wood has a pale tan to light brown color that tends to darken with age, giving saunas a warm, inviting appearance. Eastern White Cedar has excellent insulating properties and low thermal conductivity, ensuring comfortable seating surfaces. Its subtle, pleasant aroma adds to the relaxing sauna experience without being overpowering.

Alder

Alder is a hardwood with a light color and straight grain, often used in Scandinavian-style saunas. It's known for its uniform texture and lack of resin, making it comfortable for sauna seating. Alder has good dimensional stability in high heat and humidity, resisting warping and cracking. While not as naturally decay-resistant as cedar, properly treated Alder performs well in sauna environments. It's relatively affordable and easy to work with, making it a popular choice for sauna builders. Alder's light color helps create a bright, open feeling in sauna interiors.

Nordic Spruce

Nordic Spruce, also known as European Spruce, is a popular wood choice for traditional Finnish saunas. It's a softwood with a light color and straight grain, providing a clean, bright appearance to sauna interiors. Nordic Spruce has low thermal conductivity, making it comfortable to sit on even at high temperatures. It's known for its subtle, pleasant aroma that enhances the sauna experience without being overwhelming. This wood is also valued for its sustainability, as it's fast-growing and widely available in northern Europe.

Thermo-Spruce

Thermo-Spruce is Nordic Spruce that has undergone thermal modification. This process involves heating the wood to high temperatures in a controlled, oxygen-free environment, altering its chemical structure. The result is a more stable and durable wood with enhanced resistance to moisture and decay. Thermo-Spruce has a darker, richer color than untreated Spruce, giving saunas a luxurious appearance. It retains the low thermal conductivity of Spruce while gaining improved dimensional stability, making it an excellent choice for sauna benches and wall paneling.

Lighting

Chromotherapy Light

Chromotherapy lights in saunas use different colors to potentially enhance the therapeutic effects of sauna sessions. Based on color therapy principles, each hue is believed to have specific healing properties. For example, blue may promote relaxation, while red might stimulate circulation. These lights typically offer a range of colors and can often be programmed to cycle through different hues. While scientific evidence is limited, many users find chromotherapy adds an enjoyable, relaxing dimension to their sauna experience.

Task Light

Task lighting in saunas provides focused illumination for specific activities, such as reading or performing maintenance. These lights are typically brighter and more directional than ambient lighting. They're often adjustable or strategically placed to avoid glare and heat build-up. Task lights in saunas must be rated for high-temperature, high-humidity environments to ensure safety and longevity. They're usually installed near seating areas or in corners where additional light might be needed.

Ambient Light

Ambient lighting in saunas creates overall illumination, setting the mood and ensuring safe movement within the space. It's typically soft and diffused to create a relaxing atmosphere. Common forms include recessed ceiling lights, wall sconces, or LED strips hidden behind backrests. Ambient lighting in saunas should be dimmable to allow users to adjust the brightness to their preference. Like all sauna lighting, it must be designed to withstand high heat and humidity.

Accent Light

Accent lighting in saunas is used to highlight specific features or create visual interest. This might include underlighting benches, illuminating a decorative wall panel, or spotlighting a unique architectural element. Accent lights add depth and dimension to the sauna interior, enhancing its aesthetic appeal. They're often LED-based for energy efficiency and low heat emission. Accent lighting can be color-changing to complement chromotherapy systems or to allow users to customize the sauna ambiance.

Red Light

Red light therapy in saunas involves exposure to red and near-infrared wavelengths. Proponents claim it may offer benefits such as improved skin health, reduced inflammation, and enhanced muscle recovery. Red light is often incorporated into infrared saunas or added to traditional saunas as a complementary therapy. Unlike chromotherapy, which uses various colors, red light therapy focuses specifically on red and near-infrared wavelengths. The intensity and duration of exposure are typically adjustable.

LED Light

LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights are increasingly popular in sauna design due to their energy efficiency, long lifespan, and versatility. They produce little heat, making them ideal for the already hot sauna environment. LED lights can be very small, allowing for creative and unobtrusive lighting designs. They're available in a wide range of colors and can be easily controlled for dimming or color-changing effects. Many modern saunas incorporate LED lighting for both functional illumination and aesthetic enhancement.

Infrared Light

In the context of saunas, infrared light refers to the heating element in infrared saunas rather than a visible light source. Infrared heaters emit infrared radiation, which is absorbed directly by the body, heating it from within. This differs from traditional saunas that heat the air. Infrared saunas typically use near, middle, or far-infrared wavelengths, each associated with different potential health benefits. The "light" is not visible but is felt as heat.

Reading Light

Reading lights in saunas are a type of task lighting specifically designed to illuminate books or e-readers without disturbing the overall relaxing ambiance. These lights are usually adjustable and focused to provide adequate brightness for reading while minimizing glare. They're typically installed near seating areas and must be able to withstand high temperatures and humidity. Some reading lights in saunas may have a red light option, which is believed to be less disruptive to relaxation than white light.

Recessed Light

Recessed lights in saunas are fixtures installed into hollow openings in the ceiling, creating a streamlined, unobtrusive look. They provide even, overhead illumination without protruding into the sauna space. In saunas, recessed lights must be specially designed to withstand high heat and moisture, with proper insulation and sealing. They're often used for ambient lighting and may be equipped with dimming capabilities. LED recessed lights are popular for their energy efficiency and low heat output.

EMF Safety

Electromagnetic Field (EMF)

Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) are invisible areas of energy, often referred to as radiation, associated with the use of electrical power and various forms of natural and artificial lighting. In saunas, EMFs are primarily a concern with electric and infrared heaters. While all electrical devices produce some level of EMF, excessive exposure has raised health concerns among some individuals. Sauna manufacturers often address these concerns by implementing various EMF reduction technologies in their products.

Low EMF

Low EMF refers to sauna heaters or systems designed to emit lower levels of electromagnetic fields than standard models. While there's no universal standard for "low EMF," these products typically produce EMF levels below 3 milligauss (mG) at a distance of 6 inches. Low EMF technologies may involve better shielding, improved circuit designs, or strategic placement of electrical components. These features aim to reduce potential EMF exposure while maintaining effective heating performance.

Ultra-Low EMF

Ultra-Low EMF is a term used for sauna heaters or systems that emit even lower levels of electromagnetic fields than those labeled as "Low EMF." These products often produce EMF levels below 1 milligauss (mG) at a distance of 6 inches. Achieving ultra-low EMF typically requires advanced engineering and may involve techniques such as canceling electromagnetic fields or using special wiring configurations. Ultra-low EMF saunas are designed for users who are particularly concerned about EMF exposure.

Near-Zero EMF

Near-Zero EMF is the highest standard in EMF reduction for saunas, with emissions approaching levels that are practically undetectable. These systems typically produce EMF levels of less than 0.3 milligauss (mG) at any distance. Achieving near-zero EMF requires cutting-edge technology and design, often including advanced shielding materials and innovative heating element configurations. While no electrical device can produce absolutely zero EMF, near-zero EMF saunas come as close as currently possible, catering to the most EMF-conscious users.

Types of Sauna Construction

Double-Paneled Construction

Double-paneled construction in saunas involves using two layers of wood with an air gap or insulation between them for the walls and ceiling. This design enhances insulation, improving heat retention and energy efficiency. The inner panel, exposed to high heat and humidity, can expand and contract freely without affecting the outer panel. This construction method also allows for the installation of a vapor barrier between panels, preventing moisture from penetrating the structure. Double-paneled construction often results in a more durable and longer-lasting sauna.

Tongue and Groove Construction

Tongue and groove construction is a method of fitting similar objects together, edge to edge, used extensively in sauna building. Each board has a 'tongue' (a protruding ridge) along one edge and a 'groove' (a matching channel) on the opposite edge. This allows panels to interlock snugly, creating a tight seal that helps maintain heat and manage moisture. The technique accommodates wood's natural expansion and contraction, reducing the risk of warping or gaps forming. Tongue and groove construction provides a sleek, uniform appearance and is commonly used for sauna walls, ceilings, and benches.

Control Types

Digital Control

Digital controls in saunas offer precise temperature management and often include additional features like timers, preset programs, and humidity control (in some models). These controls typically feature an LED or LCD display showing current temperature, set temperature, and time. Many digital controls allow for programming start times, enabling users to have the sauna preheated at a specific time. Some advanced digital controls may include wireless connectivity for remote operation via smartphone apps.

Interior LED Panel

An interior LED panel in a sauna is a control interface located inside the sauna room. It typically features an easy-to-read LED display showing current temperature and time. These panels are designed to withstand high heat and humidity. They often include simple, intuitive buttons for adjusting temperature, time, and sometimes lighting or other features. Interior panels allow users to make adjustments without leaving the sauna, enhancing the overall experience. They're usually placed at a height that's easy to reach from a seated position.

Exterior LED Panel

An exterior LED panel for saunas is a control interface mounted outside the sauna room, typically near the door. This panel allows users to set and monitor sauna conditions before entering. It usually displays current and set temperatures, time, and may include controls for lighting or audio systems. Exterior panels often offer more comprehensive control options than interior panels, as they're not limited by the need to withstand extreme heat. Some advanced models may include touchscreen interfaces or connectivity features for integration with home automation systems.

Electric Sauna Heater Control

Electric sauna heater controls are specialized devices designed to manage the operation of electric sauna heaters. They typically include a thermostat for temperature regulation, a timer for setting session duration, and safety features like automatic shut-off. These controls may be analog or digital, with digital versions offering more precise temperature management and additional features. Some advanced electric heater controls include adaptive heating algorithms to maintain consistent temperature, energy-saving modes, and compatibility with mobile apps for remote operation.

Power Usage

Voltage

Voltage in the context of saunas refers to the electrical potential difference required to operate the sauna heater and other electrical components. Most residential saunas in the U.S. operate on 220-240V circuits, similar to large appliances like dryers or ovens. Some smaller, portable saunas may use 110-120V. The voltage requirement is a crucial factor in sauna installation, as it determines the type of electrical circuit needed. Higher voltage generally allows for more powerful heaters and faster heat-up times.

Amps

Amperage (Amps) in saunas refers to the amount of electrical current drawn by the sauna heater and other electrical components. The amp rating is crucial for determining the appropriate circuit breaker size and wire gauge for safe operation. Most residential saunas require 30-60 amp circuits, depending on the heater size and features. Larger, commercial saunas may require higher amperage. Understanding the amp requirements is essential for proper electrical installation and ensuring the sauna doesn't overload the home's electrical system.

Wattage

Wattage in saunas indicates the power consumption and heat output of the sauna heater. It's calculated by multiplying voltage by amperage. Sauna heaters typically range from about 3000W (3kW) for small saunas to 9000W (9kW) or more for larger ones. Higher wattage generally means faster heating and better performance in larger spaces. However, it also implies higher energy consumption. When selecting a sauna, it's important to choose a wattage appropriate for the size of the sauna room to ensure efficient heating without excessive energy use.

Standard U.S. Outlet

A standard U.S. outlet, typically 120V/15A, is generally not sufficient for powering a full-sized sauna heater. However, some portable or infrared saunas designed for home use may be compatible with standard outlets. These lower-power units often have limited heating capacity and longer warm-up times compared to hardwired saunas. For most traditional saunas, a dedicated higher-voltage circuit (usually 220-240V) is required. Always check the manufacturer's specifications to ensure proper electrical requirements are met for safe and effective operation.

Thermal Resistance

Thermal resistance in sauna construction refers to the ability of materials to resist heat flow. Higher thermal resistance means better insulation, which is crucial for maintaining high temperatures efficiently. In saunas, thermal resistance is important for walls, ceilings, floors, and doors. Materials like wood, specialized insulation, and reflective barriers contribute to overall thermal resistance. Effective thermal resistance helps prevent heat loss, reduces energy consumption, and ensures a consistent sauna experience. It's particularly important in outdoor saunas or those in colder climates.

R-Value

R-Value is a measure of thermal resistance used in the construction industry, including sauna building. Higher R-Values indicate better insulation properties. In saunas, appropriate R-Values are crucial for walls, ceilings, and floors to maintain heat efficiency. Typical R-Values for sauna walls range from R-11 to R-19, while ceilings might require R-30 or higher, especially in colder climates or for outdoor saunas. Proper insulation with adequate R-Values helps maintain consistent temperatures, reduces energy costs, and prevents condensation issues in sauna structures.

Sauna Parts/Accessories

Tempered Glass Door

A tempered glass door is a common feature in modern saunas, providing a blend of functionality and aesthetics. Tempered glass is heat-treated to increase its strength and safety. If broken, it shatters into small, relatively harmless pieces rather than sharp shards. Sauna glass doors are designed to withstand high temperatures and humidity while providing a clear view in and out of the sauna. They often feature special seals to maintain heat and steam inside. Tempered glass doors can be framed or frameless and may include design elements like frosting or patterns.

Roof Vent

A roof vent is an essential component in sauna design, crucial for proper air circulation and humidity control. It's typically located near the ceiling, opposite the heater. The vent allows hot, humid air to escape, promoting air movement and preventing the sauna from becoming too stuffy. Some roof vents are adjustable, allowing users to control airflow. Proper ventilation through roof vents helps maintain a comfortable environment, prevents excessive moisture buildup, and can prolong the life of the sauna by reducing moisture-related wear on wood and equipment.

Backrest

A sauna backrest is an ergonomic addition to sauna benches, designed to enhance comfort during sauna sessions. It provides lumbar support, allowing users to recline at a comfortable angle rather than leaning directly against the wall. Backrests are typically made from the same wood as the sauna interior for consistency. They're often slatted or curved to allow air circulation and prevent heat buildup. Some designs are removable for easy cleaning. A well-designed backrest can significantly improve the sauna experience, especially during longer sessions.

Shingle Roof

A shingle roof on a sauna, typically seen in outdoor models, serves both functional and aesthetic purposes. Shingles provide excellent water resistance, protecting the sauna structure from rain and snow. They also add an attractive, traditional appearance, especially to barrel saunas or cabin-style outdoor saunas. Sauna shingle roofs are often made from cedar or other weather-resistant woods, though modern synthetic materials designed to withstand high heat are also used. Proper installation of a shingle roof helps ensure longevity and maintains the sauna's energy efficiency.

Sauna Heater Guard

A sauna heater guard is a protective barrier installed around the sauna heater to prevent accidental contact and potential burns. It's an important safety feature, especially in saunas used by families or in public settings. Heater guards are typically made of wood or metal designed to withstand high temperatures. They allow heat and air to circulate freely while keeping users at a safe distance from the hot surfaces of the heater. Some guards also incorporate a tray for sauna stones, integrating functionality with safety.

Himalayan Salt

Himalayan salt is increasingly popular in saunas for its alleged health benefits and aesthetic appeal. Often incorporated as bricks or panels, Himalayan salt is said to release negative ions when heated, potentially purifying the air and offering respiratory benefits. The soft, pinkish glow of heated salt bricks can enhance the sauna's ambiance. Some believe that the presence of minerals in the salt can improve the sauna experience, though scientific evidence for these claims is limited. Himalayan salt features should be properly installed to withstand high heat and humidity.

Air Ionizer

An air ionizer in a sauna is a device designed to improve air quality by emitting negatively charged ions. These ions are believed to attach to airborne particles like dust, bacteria, and odors, causing them to become too heavy to remain airborne. Proponents claim that ionizers can create a fresher, cleaner sauna environment and may offer health benefits such as improved respiratory function. Air ionizers in saunas must be specifically designed to withstand high heat and humidity. While popular, the effectiveness and health impacts of ionizers in saunas are subjects of ongoing research and debate.